An Introduction to FIDIC

1. What is FIDIC:

FIDIC - stands for "Fédération Internationale des Ingénieurs Conseils" means "Federal of International Consultant Engineers". Its headquarter is based in Geneva, Switzerland.

2. The Parties in a FIDIC Contract

* Contracting Authority/ Employer
* Contractor - Contract between Employer & Contractor under Red/ Yellow FIDIC
* Engineer - Contract between Employer & Engineer
* Engineer to administer FIDIC Contract on behalf of Employer

3. FIDIC Conditions of Contract-Types of Manuals

a. FIDIC "New Red Book": The Conditions of Contract for Construction:

"Which are recommended for building or engineering works designed by the Employer, or by his representative, the Engineer. Under the usual arrangements for this type of contract, the Contractor constructs the works in accordance with a design provided by the Employer. However, the works may include some elements of Contractor - designed, civil, mechanical, electrical and/or construction works"

b. FIDIC "New Yellow Book": Conditions of Contract for Plant Design - Build

"Which are recommended for the provision of electrical and mechanical plant, and for the design and execution of building or engineering works. Under the usual arrangements for this type of contract, the Contractor designs and produces, in accordance with the Employer's Requirements, plant and/or other works; which may include any combination of civil, mechanical, electrical and/or construction works".

c. FIDIC "New Silver Book": Conditions of Contract for EPC (Engineering, Procurement, Construction)/ Turnkey Projects

"Which may be suitable for the provision on a turnkey basis of a process or power plant or factory or similar facility, or of an infrastructure project or other type of development, where (i) a higher degree of certainty of firm price and time is required, and (ii) the Contractor takes total responsibility for the design and execution of the project, with little involvement of the Employer. Under the usual arrangements for turnkey projects, the Contractor carries out all engineering, procurement, and construction EPC: providing a fully equipped facility, ready for operation at the "turn of a key".

d. FIDIC "New Green Book" - the "Mini-Red Book":

Short Form of Contract. "Which is recommended for building or engineering works of relatively small capital value. Depending on the type of work and circumstances, this form may also be suitable for contracts of greater value, particularly for relatively simple or repetitive work or work of short duration. Under the usual arrangements for this type of contract the Contractor constructs the works in accordance with a design provided by the Employer or his representative (if any), but this form may also be suitable for a contract which includes, or wholly comprises, Contractor-designed civil, mechanical, electrical and/or construction works.

e. FIDIC "Pink Book" -Harmonised Conditions of Contract for Constructions

Issued after several Multilateral Development Banks (MDB) agreed certain modifications for some Clauses, for better reflecting their financing principles. Used for construction and engineering works, designed by the Employer (as in the Red Book) Allows the Bank to suspend payments to Borrower - Sub-Clauses 2.4, 14.7 and 16.1 Engineer's Authority may be unilaterally changed by the Employer - Sub-Clause 3.1 Modifications concerning selection and activity of DAB

f. Basic Principles and Selection of FIDIC Documents - New Red Book

Design primarily undertaken by Employer or his agent Works are to be re-measured Employer appoints Engineer to administer contract on his behalf Engineer has power to vary works, but not change contract DAB appointed within 28 days of commencement date and has powers to resolve any dispute and change "determinations" of Engineer

g. Basic Principles and Selection of FIDIC Documents - New Yellow Book

The Employer provides project requirements as defined under item "Employer's Requirements" (ER) The "ER" are the basis for the contractor to design and build the project. Errors within the "ER" are the liability of the Employer. The contract is for a fixed sum and not re-measured. The contract is administered on behalf of the Employer by the Engineer, Provision is made for variations by the Engineer. The general conditions (clauses 1 to 20), except clauses 5 & 12, are principally the same as red book.

h. Selection of FIDIC Documents - Risk Management

All contracts contain risks for both Contracting Authorities/ Employers and Contractors - There is no risk-free contract FIDIC attempts to rationalise and allocate responsibilities for main risks A key requirement is for the Contract Parties to fully understand the FIDIC General and Particular Conditions of Contract that set out their Responsibilities and Risks within a Project Every risk given to the other party has its cost, no Party assumes a risk for free.

4. Main differences from previous FIDIC editions

The Engineer is no longer to act impartially, but is acknowledged to be the representative of the Employer The Contractor is entitled to require the Employer to provide a proof of funds availability Disputes Adjudication Board (DAB)

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An Introduction to Polycarboxylates Concrete Admixtures

Concrete Admixture is one ingredient of concrete that is added to the mix before or during mixing to modify concrete properties. Concrete admixture are used to modify the properties of fresh and hardened concrete in order to achieve the desired objectives or purpose of the concrete mixture. It is also used for economic purpose when admixture allows reduction of concrete ingredients proportions or permits saving in construction practices. Concrete admixtures have their history for hundred of years. The latest generation is polycarboxylates or polymer based admixture.

Polycarboxylates or polymer based concrete admixtures are High Range Water Reducing admixture (HRWR) or we can also say "Ultra" High Range Water Reducer. Used at low dosage, polycarboxylates admixtures still can reduce water as much as high dosage of conventional admixtures.Used at higher dosage, polycarboxylates admixtures can produce Self Compacting Concrete SCC (concrete with very high flowability but still with good cohesion). Because of their strong water reduction capacity, they are particularly designed for production of High Strength Concrete.Polycarboxylates HRWR mode of action is based on steric hindrance, this means particle separation due to long polymer molecules.

Polycarboxylates or polymer basedadmixtures like any newest generation admixtures are expensive products compared to traditional admixtures (Melamine, Naphtalene or lignosulfonates based) but their performances (even at low dosage rate) can allow cement reduction which could make the mix more cost effective.For lower grades of concrete (lower than 40 MPa on cylinder samples), conventional admixtures are still generally the best solution (especially economically). Use of Polycarboxylate admixturesin RMC (ready-mix-concrete) is normally less required than in Precast concrete because of generally lower concrete grades. This admixture type is very suitable for underwater anti-washout concrete.

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Cold-formed bags Introduction

Steel sheet pile, according to its manufacture process can be divided into: hot / Larsen steel sheet piling, cold-formed steel sheet pile.
Now due to the scale of production conditions and restrictions, no domestic hot-rolled steel sheet piles in the production line, our hot rolled steel sheet piles used were from abroad. Common manufacturers are hot-rolled steel sheet piling Hyundai Steel, Nippon Steel of Japan, Sumitomo Steel, JFE Steel of Japan, and some manufacturers in Europe and America. Cold-formed pile and process requirements of production technology is relatively easy to achieve, so the domestic manufacturers is quite large.

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